Vanadium
23
V
Group
5
Period
4
Block
d
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
23
23
28
General Properties
Atomic Number
23
Atomic Weight
50.9415
Mass Number
51
Category
Transition metals
Colour
Silver
Radioactive
No
Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis
Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic
History
Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801.
In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium.
In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores.
Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work.
In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium.
In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores.
Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work.
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 11, 2
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and eastern Russia
Physical Properties
Phase
Solid
Density
6.11 g/cm3
Melting Point
2183.15 K | 1910 °C | 3470 °F
Boiling Point
3680.15 K | 3407 °C | 6164.6 °F
Heat of Fusion
22.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Vaporization
453 kJ/mol
Specific Heat Capacity
0.489 J/g·K
Abundance in Earth's crust
0.019%
Abundance in Universe
0.0001%
CAS Number
7440-62-2
PubChem CID Number
23990
Atomic Properties
Atomic Radius
134 pm
Covalent Radius
153 pm
Electronegativity
1.63 (Pauling scale)
Ionization Potential
6.8281 eV
Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol
Thermal Conductivity
0.307 W/cm·K
Oxidation States
-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Applications
Vanadium is used as an additive in steel to strengthen and protect against corrosion.
Titanium-aluminium-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft.
Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.
Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulphuric acid.
Titanium-aluminium-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft.
Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel.
Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulphuric acid.
All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic
Isotopes
Stable Isotopes
51VUnstable Isotopes
40V, 41V, 42V, 43V, 44V, 45V, 46V, 47V, 48V, 49V, 50V, 52V, 53V, 54V, 55V, 56V, 57V, 58V, 59V, 60V, 61V, 62V, 63V, 64V, 65V